<!--#if expr="$title" --> <!--#echo var="title" --> <!--#else --> HIV Drug Resistance Database <!--#endif -->
Stanford University HIV Drug Resistance Database - A curated public database designed to represent, store, and analyze the divergent forms of data underlying HIV drug resistance.

MARVEL on RT mutations at position 215


HIVdb Algorithm: Comments & Scores
  • T215S/C/D/E/I/V are transitions between wild type and the mutations Y and F. Most do not reduce NRTI susceptibility but their presence may suggests that T215Y or F may also be present.
  • T215S/C/D/E/I/V are transitions between wild type and the mutations Y and F. Most do not reduce NRTI susceptibility but their presence may suggests that T215Y or F may also be present.
  • T215S/C/D/E/I/V are transitions between wild type and the mutations Y and F. Most do not reduce NRTI susceptibility but their presence may suggests that T215Y or F may also be present.
  • T215F causes AZT and D4T resistance and reduces susceptibility to ABC, ddI, and to a lesser extent TDF.
  • T215S/C/D/E/I/V are transitions between wild type and the mutations Y and F. Most do not reduce NRTI susceptibility but their presence may suggests that T215Y or F may also be present.
  • T215S/C/D/E/I/V are transitions between wild type and the mutations Y and F. Most do not reduce NRTI susceptibility but their presence may suggests that T215Y or F may also be present.
  • T215S/C/D/E/I/V are transitions between wild type and the mutations Y and F. Most do not reduce NRTI susceptibility but their presence may suggests that T215Y or F may also be present.
  • T215Y causes AZT and D4T resistance and reduces susceptibility to ABC, ddI, and TDF particularly when it occurs in combination with M41L and L210W.

Mutation3TCFTCABCAZTD4TDDITDF
T215C001020201010
T215D001020201010
T215E001020201010
T215F442035302010
T215I001020201010
T215S001020201010
T215V001020201010
T215Y442035302020
Footnote:Mutation scores on the left are derived from published literature linking mutations and ARVs (the complete details can be found in the HIVdb Release Notes).
Genotype-treatment correlation
Mutation frequency according to subtype and drug-class experience.
The frequency of each mutation at position 215 according to subtype and drug-class experience. Data are shown for the 8 most common subtypes. The number of persons in each subtype/treatment category is shown beneath the subtype. Mutations occurring at a frequency >0.5% are shown. Each mutation is also a hyper-link to a separate web page with information on each isolate, including literature references with PubMed abstracts, the GenBank accession number, and complete sequence and treatment records.

PosWTRTI Naive Persons NRTI (but no NNRTI) Treated Persons
A
3214
B
22121
C
7684
D
1183
F
678
G
1313
AE
3424
AG
2589
 
A
172
B
3960
C
288
D
126
F
83
G
142
AE
325
AG
75
215 T     S 0.5     Y 7.1
F 3.9
I 3.2 		Y 33
F 6.7
D 0.7
S 0.5
V 0.5
I 0.5 		Y 14
F 2.0 		Y 14
E 1.9
F 1.0 		Y 26
F 13
C 1.3
V 1.3 		Y 31
F 3.6 		Y 22
F 18
I 0.6 		Y 16
F 8.6
Footnote: The query page Mutation Prevalence According to Subtype and Treatment to examine the frequency of all mutations according to subtype and treatment; The program HIVSeq provides similar output for mutations in user-submitted sequences; A complete description of the program that generates these tables can be found at Rhee et al AIDS 2006.
 

Mutation frequency according to treatment with individual ARVs.
The first row shows the frequency of the mutation in persons who are RTI-naive (indicated in green). The second row shows the frequency of the mutation in persons who have received one or more NRTIs (+/- NNRTIs). The following rows show the frequency of the mutation in persons who have received only a single NRTI. Mutation rates that differ significantly between treated and untreated isolates are indicated in yellow.
MutationNRTINNRTINumSeqNumMut% Mutantp
T215A0042794380.00 
T215A>=1>=016732180.100.601
T215AAZT>=043620.400.083
T215ADDI>=0520  
T215AD4T>=0540  
T215AABC>=0450  
T215AD4T+3TC>=0222430.100.732
T215AAZT+3TC>=0193140.200.200
T215AD4T+DDI>=04540  
T215AAZT+DDI>=050710.100.950
T215AABC+3TC>=0260  
T215ATDF+3TC>=0940  
T215ATDF+FTC>=0240  
MutationNRTINNRTINumSeqNumMut% Mutantp
T215C0042794360.00 
T215C>=1>=0167321220.700.000
T215CAZT>=043610.200.834
T215CDDI>=05211.900.032
T215CD4T>=0540  
T215CABC>=04512.200.019
T215CD4T+3TC>=0222420.000.777
T215CAZT+3TC>=0193170.300.000
T215CD4T+DDI>=04540  
T215CAZT+DDI>=050710.100.920
T215CABC+3TC>=0260  
T215CTDF+3TC>=09433.100.000
T215CTDF+FTC>=0240  
MutationNRTINNRTINumSeqNumMut% Mutantp
T215D0042794830.10 
T215D>=1>=016732940.500.000
T215DAZT>=043610.200.704
T215DDDI>=0520  
T215DD4T>=0540  
T215DABC>=04524.400.000
T215DD4T+3TC>=0222470.300.317
T215DAZT+3TC>=0193160.300.387
T215DD4T+DDI>=04540  
T215DAZT+DDI>=05070  
T215DABC+3TC>=0260  
T215DTDF+3TC>=0940  
T215DTDF+FTC>=0240  
MutationNRTINNRTINumSeqNumMut% Mutantp
T215E0042794400.00 
T215E>=1>=016732200.100.449
T215EAZT>=043610.200.893
T215EDDI>=0520  
T215ED4T>=0540  
T215EABC>=0450  
T215ED4T+3TC>=0222410.000.704
T215EAZT+3TC>=0193130.100.629
T215ED4T+DDI>=045410.200.916
T215EAZT+DDI>=05070  
T215EABC+3TC>=0260  
T215ETDF+3TC>=0940  
T215ETDF+FTC>=0240  
MutationNRTINNRTINumSeqNumMut% Mutantp
T215F004279430.00 
T215F>=1>=016732169010.100.000
T215FAZT>=043692.000.000
T215FDDI>=05223.800.000
T215FD4T>=05423.700.000
T215FABC>=0450  
T215FD4T+3TC>=022241556.900.000
T215FAZT+3TC>=019311367.000.000
T215FD4T+DDI>=0454235.000.000
T215FAZT+DDI>=05077915.500.000
T215FABC+3TC>=02613.800.000
T215FTDF+3TC>=09411.000.000
T215FTDF+FTC>=0240  
MutationNRTINNRTINumSeqNumMut% Mutantp
T215I0042794150.00 
T215I>=1>=0167322021.200.000
T215IAZT>=043630.600.000
T215IDDI>=0520  
T215ID4T>=0540  
T215IABC>=0450  
T215ID4T+3TC>=02224361.600.000
T215IAZT+3TC>=01931291.500.000
T215ID4T+DDI>=045461.300.000
T215IAZT+DDI>=050791.700.000
T215IABC+3TC>=0260  
T215ITDF+3TC>=09411.000.013
T215ITDF+FTC>=0240  
MutationNRTINNRTINumSeqNumMut% Mutantp
T215L0042794240.00 
T215L>=1>=016732230.100.003
T215LAZT>=04360  
T215LDDI>=0520  
T215LD4T>=0540  
T215LABC>=0450  
T215LD4T+3TC>=0222410.000.806
T215LAZT+3TC>=019310  
T215LD4T+DDI>=04540  
T215LAZT+DDI>=05070  
T215LABC+3TC>=0260  
T215LTDF+3TC>=0940  
T215LTDF+FTC>=0240  
MutationNRTINNRTINumSeqNumMut% Mutantp
T215N004279460.00 
T215N>=1>=016732250.100.000
T215NAZT>=04360  
T215NDDI>=0520  
T215ND4T>=0540  
T215NABC>=0450  
T215ND4T+3TC>=02224130.500.000
T215NAZT+3TC>=01931150.700.000
T215ND4T+DDI>=045430.600.000
T215NAZT+DDI>=050730.500.000
T215NABC+3TC>=0260  
T215NTDF+3TC>=0940  
T215NTDF+FTC>=0240  
MutationNRTINNRTINumSeqNumMut% Mutantp
T215P004279490.00 
T215P>=1>=01673230.000.933
T215PAZT>=04360  
T215PDDI>=0520  
T215PD4T>=0540  
T215PABC>=0450  
T215PD4T+3TC>=022240  
T215PAZT+3TC>=0193110.000.916
T215PD4T+DDI>=045410.200.220
T215PAZT+DDI>=05070  
T215PABC+3TC>=0260  
T215PTDF+3TC>=0940  
T215PTDF+FTC>=0240  
MutationNRTINNRTINumSeqNumMut% Mutantp
T215S00427941210.20 
T215S>=1>=016732900.500.000
T215SAZT>=043671.600.000
T215SDDI>=0520  
T215SD4T>=05411.800.376
T215SABC>=0450  
T215SD4T+3TC>=02224381.700.000
T215SAZT+3TC>=01931341.700.000
T215SD4T+DDI>=045461.300.000
T215SAZT+DDI>=050791.700.000
T215SABC+3TC>=0260  
T215STDF+3TC>=0940  
T215STDF+FTC>=0240  
MutationNRTINNRTINumSeqNumMut% Mutantp
T215V004279430.00 
T215V>=1>=0167321060.600.000
T215VAZT>=043620.400.000
T215VDDI>=0520  
T215VD4T>=0540  
T215VABC>=0450  
T215VD4T+3TC>=0222450.200.000
T215VAZT+3TC>=0193150.200.000
T215VD4T+DDI>=04540  
T215VAZT+DDI>=05070  
T215VABC+3TC>=0260  
T215VTDF+3TC>=0940  
T215VTDF+FTC>=0240  
MutationNRTINNRTINumSeqNumMut% Mutantp
T215Y004279480.00 
T215Y>=1>=016732542032.300.000
T215YAZT>=04369622.000.000
T215YDDI>=052815.300.000
T215YD4T>=054712.900.000
T215YABC>=0450  
T215YD4T+3TC>=022242139.500.000
T215YAZT+3TC>=0193124912.800.000
T215YD4T+DDI>=04547416.200.000
T215YAZT+DDI>=050721041.400.000
T215YABC+3TC>=02627.600.000
T215YTDF+3TC>=0940  
T215YTDF+FTC>=0240  
Footnote: About one-half of the untreated isolates belong to non-subtype B isolates; About 20% of the treated isolates belong to non-subtype B isolates; A page containing summaries for all of the mutations at this position can be found here.

Genotype-phenotype correlation
Phenotypes of top 10 common patterns of drug resistance mutations with mutations at position 215.
Mutation patterns are listed in the frequency with which they have been reported in the published literature. The median level of fold resistance (compared with wildtype) for viruses with the mutation pattern in the first column are indicated when available. The subscripts indicate the number of viruses that were phenotyped. The drug susceptibility assay used was the PhenoSense assay (Monogram, South San Francisco). A hyperlink for each individual pattern is provided to access a complete list of mutations and fold resistances for each sequence matching the pattern of mutation.

A complete summary of additional in vitro susceptibility data for viruses with T215 obtained using other assays including the Antivirogram can be found here. A complete list of all mutation patterns with T215 (not just the top 10 most frequent patterns) can be found at this page.

Mutation PatternsNumber of
Sequences		AZT
foldn		D4T
foldn		TDF
foldn		ABC
foldn		DDI
foldn		3TC
foldn
41L,184V,215Y6666.2331.5331.3195.1331.63320032
41L,184V,210W,215Y64816412.0421.6306.8381.74120039
41L,67N,184V,210W,215Y55130402.8401.5316.5332.14020039
41L,210W,215Y530147142.4153.0123.1131.5153.015
41L,67N,210W,215Y514880194.2194.8156.4161.9195.319
41L,215Y41512111.6111.371.881.1112.011
67N,70R,184V,215F3057.771.871.045.571.772007
67N,70R,215F26391142.1142.4132.3131.3143.314
184V,215Y2621.3151.3150.485.2151.61520014
41L,67N,69D,184V,210W,215Y26246223.5221.8147.7212.12220020
Footnote: Mutation patterns were defined by the presence or absence of major NRTI drug resistance mutations ; Sequences containing a mixture at a major drug resistance positions were excluded; For the cutoffs defined by PhenoSense, open the sample report form provided on this page; The full list of all mutation patterns are also available here.

 

Phenotypic coefficients using machine learning
Least Square Regression (LSR) was used to learn the relative contribution of each mutation to the fold decrease in susceptibility for an ARV. The figure on the left (click to enlarge the figure) shows the regression coefficients (which correlate with the contribution to resistance) for the 23 nonpolymorphic NRTI-resistance mutations shown to contribute decreased susceptibility to at least one NRTI. A complete description of the method that generates this figure can be found at Rhee et al PNAS 2006.

 

Genotype-clinical outcome correlation
Studies correlating baseline genotype and virological response to an ARV therapy with or without mutations at 215.

ReferencePrevious NRTIFollow-up NRTIOther RxNo.PtsWeeksEffect of baseline mutations on response
Katlama(2000)>=2 NRTIs, (rare PI, NNRTI)Addition of ABCNone9216-48This study includes a subset of patients in the above analysis. M184V did not preclude an antiviral response. At week 16, 16/25 with M184V had RNA <=400 or RNA decrease of >=1 log.
Brun-Vezinet(2003)NRTI, PI, NNRTIABC as part of a new HAART regimenOB17512RNA decrease was -0.2 logs, -0.7 logs, and -1.6 logs in persons containing 5-6, 4, or <4 mutations at the following positions: 41, 67, 210, 215, 74, and 184.
Lanier(2004)>=2 NRTIs, (rare PI, NNRTI)Addition of ABCNone1664Meta-analysis of 5 intensification studies. Data on concomitant NNRTIs and PIs are not available. Median baseline RNA was 3.9 logs. 151/166 pts had >=1 NRTI mutation (usually TAMs and M184V). RNA decrease with (i) M184V alone >= 0.74 logs; (ii) 1 TAM >= 0.56 logs; (iii) M184V + 1 TAM >= 0.95 logs; (iv) 2-3 TAMs or 2 TAMs+ M184V >= ~0.35 logs; (v) M184V + 3 TAMs >= 0.18 logs; (vi) 4 TAMs >= 0.36 logs.
Winters(2003)NRTINRTI changeNFV, EFV, NFV/EFV10416-48In pts with isolates containing M184V substitution of ddI for 3TC was associated with a decreased risk of virologic failure (confirmed RNA >2000)
Frank(2004)0, 1, and 2 NRTIsddIHydroxy-urea13424Hydroxyurea + ddI led to a greater RNA decrease than ddI alone at week 8 (~1.8 vs 0.8 logs). The combination was associated with a sustained response ~1.2-1.6 logs at week 24. At week 8, there was a greater reduction in RNA in the NRTI-naïve group (1.7 vs 1.2 logs) but there was little difference in response between those with M184V (1.2 logs in 18 3TC-experienced patients with M184V vs 1.4 logs in 61 3TC-naïve patients).
Molina(2005)NRTI, PI, NNRTIAddition of ddINone1094Median overall response was 0.6 log RNA decrease. M184V alone >= 0.8 log RNA decrease. Pts with 0-1 TAMs >= 0.8-1.0 log RNA decrease (n=40); 2 TAMs >= 0.7 log RNA decrease (n=10); 3 TAMs >= 0.5 log RNA decrease (n=25); 4 TAMs >= 0.2 log RNA decrease (n=21). Median log RNA decrease in the presence of L74V (n=9) was 0.1 logs.
Sproat(2005)NRTI, PI, NNRTIddI as part of a new HAART regimenOB2814-48Observational study. Overall RNA decrease was 1.2, 1.0, 0.8, and 0.8 at weeks 4, 12, 24, and 48. There was no significant difference in RNA response between the 105 pts with and the 176 pts without M184V.
De Luca(2007)NRTI (including ddI in 76%) +/- NNRTI +/- PIddI as part of a new HAART regimenOB48512M41L, E44D/A/G, T69D/S/N/A, L210W, T215Y or T215 revertants, and L228H/R were associated with a reduced RNA decrease. D123E/N/G/S was associated with improved virological response. The following weighted score was derived: (M41L x 2) + E44D/A/G + T69D/S/N/A + (L210W x 2) + T215Y revertants + L228H/R - D123E/N/G/S. Relative to those with a score <=0, those with a score of 1 to 3 had a 0.34 decreased log RNA response and those with a score >=4 had a 0.68 decreased RNA log response.
Barrios(2003)NRTI, PI, NNRTITDF as part of a new HAART regimenOB15324Observational study. The presence of 41L, 210W, and 215Y were inversely associated with RNA response.
Masquelier(2004)NRTI, PI, NNRTITDF as part of a new HAART regimenOB16112Observational study. The strongest association with RNA decrease was the set of the 7 mutations: M41L, E44D, D67N, T69D/N/S, L74V, L210W, and T215Y/F : (i) <3 mutations >= median RNA reduction of -1.3 logs; (ii) 3-5 mutations >= median RNA reduction of 0.8 logs; (iii) >=6 mutations >= median increase of 0.1 logs. K65R and T69ins were not included because although they cause phenotypic resistance, there were insufficient pts with these mutations.
Miller(2004)NRTI, PI, NNRTIAddition of TDFNone22224-48Among pts receiving TDF, there was a mean 0.6 log RNA decrease at week 24 by ITT. Pts with 215Y/F alone had a 0.7 log RNA decrease. Pts with M41L+L210W + T215Y had a 0.2 log RNA decrease. Mutations at positions 67, 70, and 219 did not appear to affect response. K65R was present at baseline in 6 pts and was associated with lack of response. M184V was associated with a modest but significant improved response particularly in the absence of TAMs.
Abbreviations:
    OB - optimized background; TAM - thymidine analogue mutation (Type I: M41L, L210W, T215Y; Type II: D67N, K70R, T215F, K219Q/E;);

References:
  • Katlama C., Clotet B., Plettenberg A., Jost J., Arasteh K., Bernasconi E., Jeantils V., Cutrell A., Stone C., Ait-Khaled M., Purdon S. The role of abacavir (ABC, 1592) in antiretroviral therapy-experienced patients: results from a randomized, double-blind, trial. CNA3002 European Study Team. AIDS. 2000 May 5;14(7):781-9.
  • Brun-Vezinet F., Descamps D., Ruffault A., Masquelier B., Calvez V., Peytavin G., Telles F., Morand-Joubert L., Meynard J.L., Vray M., Costagliola D. Clinically relevant interpretation of genotype for resistance to abacavir. AIDS. 2003 Aug 15;17(12):1795-802.
  • Lanier E.R., Ait-Khaled M., Scott J., Stone C., Melby T., Sturge G., St Clair M., Steel H., Hetherington S., Pearce G., Spreen W., Lafon S. Antiviral efficacy of abacavir in antiretroviral therapy-experienced adults harbouring HIV-1 with specific patterns of resistance to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Antivir Ther. 2004 Feb;9(1):37-45.
  • Winters M.A., Bosch R.J., Albrecht M.A., Katzenstein D.A. Clinical impact of the M184V mutation on switching to didanosine or maintaining lamivudine treatment in nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor-experienced patients. J Infect Dis. 2003 Aug 15;188(4):537-40.
  • Frank I., Bosch R.J., Fiscus S., Valentine F., Flexner C., Segal Y., Ruan P., Gulick R., Wood K., Estep S., Fox L., Nevin T., Stevens M., Eron J.J. Jr. Activity, safety, and immunological effects of hydroxyurea added to didanosine in antiretroviral-naive and experienced HIV type 1-infected subjects: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial, ACTG 307. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2004 Sep;20(9):916-26.
  • Molina J.M., Marcelin A.G., Pavie J., Heripret L., De Boever C.M., Troccaz M., Leleu G., Calvez V.. Didanosine in HIV-1-infected patients experiencing failure of antiretroviral therapy: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. J Infect Dis. 2005 Mar 15;191(6):840-7.
  • Sproat M., Pozniak A.L., Peeters M., Winters B., Hoetelmans R., Graham N.M., Gazzard B.G. The influence of the M184V mutation in HIV-1 reverse transcriptase on the virological outcome of highly active antiretroviral therapy regimens with or without didanosine. Antivir Ther. 2005;10(2):357-61.
  • De Luca A., Giambenedetto S.D., Trotta M.P., Colafigli M., Prosperi M., Ruiz L., Baxter J., Clevenbergh P., Cauda R., Perno C.F., Antinori A. Improved interpretation of genotypic changes in the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase coding region that determine the virological response to didanosine. J Infect Dis. 2007 Dec 1;196(11):1645-53.
  • Barrios A., de Mendoza C., Martin-Carbonero L., Ribera E., Domingo P., Galindo M.J., Galvez J., Estrada V., Dalmau D., Asensi V., Soriano V. Role of baseline human immunodeficiency virus genotype as a predictor of viral response to tenofovir in heavily pretreated patients. Clin Microbiol. 2003 Sep;41(9):4421-3.
  • Masquelier B., Tamalet C., Montes B., Descamps D., Peytavin G., Bocket L., Wirden M., Izopet J., Schneider V., Ferre V., Ruffault A., Palmer P., Trylesinski A., Miller M., Brun-Vezinet F., Costagliola D. Genotypic determinants of the virological response to tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-experienced patients. Antivir Ther. 2004 Jun;9(3):315-23.
  • Miller M.D., Margot N., Lu B., Zhong L., Chen S.S., Cheng A., Wulfsohn M. Genotypic and phenotypic predictors of the magnitude of response to tenofovir disoproxil fumarate treatment in antiretroviral-experienced patients. J Infect Dis. 2004 Mar 1;189(5):837-46.

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